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<h2>Object-oriented programming in Python</h2>
<h4>Data Engineering @ Statnett</h4>
</br>
<p><small>Simeon Simeonov</small></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Goals</h2>
</br>
<ul>
<li><p>Present the Python programming language in a different way than <a href="https://docs.python.org">https://docs.python.org</a></p></li>
<li><p>Avoid information overload</p></li>
<li><p>Use examples and interaction rather than documents and slides</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Preliminary plan</h2>
</br>
<ul>
<li><p>Basics: About the language, the Python eco-system, types, modules, functions, scopes, decorators, string formatting</p></li>
<li><p><b>Object-oriented programming in Python: How Python "really works"</b></p></li>
<li><p>Control flow: if / for / while / try, iterators, "tactical programming" tips</p></li>
<li><p>A brief tour through Python's standard library</p></li>
<li><p>Code design and best practices: How to design your code</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>What is object-oriented programming?</h2>
</br>
<p>Object-oriented programming does <b>not</b> mean using an object-oriented programming language.</p>
<p>It is rather a programming paradigm based on the concept of <em>object</em>, as well as on some general principles and best practices aiming at:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>improving readability</p></li>
<li><p>improving re-usability</p></li>
<li><p>improving modularity</p></li>
<li><p>providing foundation for a more intuitive design</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>General principles</h2>
</br>
<p>The following four concepts / principles are presented in most object-oriented programming books:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>separate and hide "private" details from the outside world and / or child (inheriting) functionality (encapsulation)</p></li>
<li><p>separate the interface from its implementation (abstraction)</p></li>
<li><p>inherit and extend / adapt existing functionality, through "is-a" relationship hierarchy (inheritance)</p></li>
<li><p>execute different code / functionality based on the object's place in the hierarchy (polymorphism)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Building blocks and definitions</h2>
</br>
<p><b>Note:</b> "Lacking universally accepted terminology to talk about classes, I will make occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms." - The Python tutorial (https://docs.python.org)</p>
<p>When talking about object-oriented programming, the following building blocks are involved:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>class - a blueprint / template for creating objects</p></li>
<li><p>object - an instance of a class that may contain its own attributes as well as references to its class' attributes</p></li>
<li><p>attribute - variable, property, function defined in the class and present in its instances</p></li>
<li><p>class variable - attribute of which a single copy exists, regardless of how many instances of the class exist</p></li>
<li><p>object / instance variable - attribute for which each instantiated object of the class has a separate copy, or instance</p></li>
<li><p>method - member function - function that is an attribute</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The object-oriented world of Python</h2>
</br>
<p>Some additional concepts and definitions are introduced in Python, as well as in some other programming languages:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>metaclass - a class whose instances are classes</p></li>
<li><p>property - attribute that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a "private" attribute</p></li>
<li><p>type - old C object-oriented term, now (in Python 3) considered to be the same as class</p></li>
</ul>
<p> As is true for modules, classes partake of the dynamic nature of Python: they are created at runtime, and can be modified further after creation.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The object-oriented world of Python (cont...)</h2>
</br>
<p>The < </p>
<ul>
<li><p>metaclass - a class whose instances are classes</p></li>
<li><p>property - attribute that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a "private" attribute</p></li>
<li><p>type - old C object-oriented term, now (in Python 3) considered to be the same as class</p></li>
</ul>
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